The dollar’s journey over the past 18 months has been telling. It fell sharply after President Donald Trump’s “Liberation Day” tariff announcements fueled warnings about dollar debasement, stabilised, then weakened again this summer amid Fed credibility concerns. It has since rebounded as Fed rate expectations swung dramatically – from as many as two cuts this year to one hike already delivered and more tightening priced. The dollar has closely tracked the resulting shift in two-year yield differentials. See the chart. The DXY has now retraced most of its post-April 2 tariff decline. That supports our pushback last year against the dollar debasement narrative. Yet we don’t expect a sustained appreciation cycle. Even with Fed repricing, strong US growth and robust equity inflows, our analysis suggests the dollar is stronger than these and other fundamental drivers imply. The bar for further gains is high.
Start with the Fed rate path. The dramatic repricing has provided a powerful boost to the dollar and dollar assets this year. Markets have gone from pricing cuts at the start of the year to pricing roughly four more hikes over the next 12 months, on top of last month’s rate increase. We think that is too much. Last week’s weaker-than-expected jobs report highlights a macro backdrop that remains fluid. If expectations for further Fed tightening are pared back, the yield differentials that have helped drive the dollar’s rebound could narrow and weigh on the currency. A weaker dollar would reinforce our broader risk-on stance and create a more supportive backdrop for our EM equity overweight.
Other fundamental drivers
Next come capital flows. Strong US growth, corporate earnings and AI investment have helped US equities outperform since the start of the war in Iran, drawing global capital into dollar assets. Foreign investors poured nearly $1 trillion into US equities and investment fund shares in the 12 months to July, including a record $426 billion in the second quarter alone, according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis. We expect that support to persist as earnings growth stays robust. US equity outperformance should provide a partial offset if Fed repricing narrows yield differentials and weighs on the dollar.
Our analysis also captures traditional drivers, including risk sentiment and term premium. The latter has eased slightly after briefly rising this summer, as the Fed’s September hike helped restore central bank credibility. On balance, we see little room for another sustained dollar upswing. Instead, we see the currency staying around current levels, if not somewhat weaker. That is hard to square with the structural debasement narrative that started emerging last year: if investors were losing confidence in the dollar’s long-term role, we would expect a bigger deviation from the dollar’s fundamental drivers. That doesn’t mean the risks have disappeared. The fiscal backdrop remains challenging, with a $1.9 trillion deficit and public debt near 101% of GDP. While not a driver of the dollar today, these risks could return to the fore.
Our bottom line
The dollar’s resilience shows its moves are still largely explained by fundamental drivers rather than concerns about its long-term role. A stable or moderately weaker dollar would also reinforce our EM equity overweight.
Market backdrop
The global bond selloff deepened last week, with US 10-year Treasury yields climbing to 5.34%, their highest level since 2002. A softer-than-expected jobs report added to the volatility as investor expectations for Fed tightening whipsawed. We see a consistent story: shifts in Fed expectations can influence rate moves in the near term, but they do not alter the structural forces driving long-term yields, including the intensifying competition for capital we have long described.
We look to September FOMC meeting minutes in a light macroeconomic data week. After the Fed raised interest rates for the first time in three years, we’re keen to see how hawkish the discussion surrounding the decision was among committee members. We also eye preliminary consumer sentiment data from the University of Michigan, after the index fell to its second-lowest reading ever at the end of September.
