Building the transformation

Read details of our 2025 outlook:

Transformation underway

Historical trends are being permanently broken in real time as mega forces, like the rise of artificial intelligence (AI), transform economies. The ongoing outsized response of long-term assets to short-term news shows how unusual this environment is. We stay risk-on as we look for transformation beneficiaries – and go further overweight U.S. stocks as the AI theme broadens out. We have more conviction inflation and interest rates will stay above pre-pandemic levels.

2024 has reinforced our view that we are not in a business cycle: AI has been a major market driver, inflation fell without a growth slowdown and typical recession signals failed. Volatility surged and narratives flipflopped as markets viewed developments through a business cycle lens. 

As we head into 2025, some countries have new leaders with a mandate for political and economic change. That could see policymakers pursuing measures that add to volatility rather than stability. Financial markets may work to rein in any policy extremes, such as with fiscal policy. Yet we think there will be fewer checks when stocks are running up, creating the potential for risk appetite to turn frothy.

Learning about the trend

For decades, economies followed stable, long-term trends. Investors could focus almost entirely on navigating any temporary deviations around those trends. Growth would eventually converge back toward its trend. That has been a foundational tenet of portfolio construction.

We think the environment is very different now. Economies are undergoing transformations that could keep shifting the long-term trend, making a wide range of very different outcomes possible. See the chart. What’s driving economic growth may look very different.

An ever-changing trend

Hypothetical evolution of U.S. GDP

Checks and (im)balances

2024 was a major election year and a punishing one for incumbent governments. Voters expressed frustration, most notably about the higher cost of living after the pandemic, but also issues like immigration. Several countries have now seen either a change in government or the erosion of ruling party support. The desire for political and economic change could remain driving forces in 2025.

In the U.S., Republican control of both Congress and the presidency means President-elect Donald Trump could implement much of his agenda. If implemented extensively, some of his policies could reinforce geopolitical fragmentation and add to inflation. See the chart. Less government emphasis on macro stabilizing policies – like fiscal frameworks and inflation targets – would put greater onus on financial markets to enforce discipline.

Broadening protectionism

Trade restrictions, 2014-2023

What 2024 says about 2025

Markets have been more sensitive to data surprises than in the past, with even long-term assets having outsized reactions. See the chart. That reinforces volatility. Yet 2024 underscored why trying to overlay a typical business cycle on incoming U.S. data can be misleading when structural forces are at play. Inflation eased, but growth remained strong, driven by structural forces like the post-pandemic normalization of the labor and goods markets and a rise in immigration.

Looking ahead to 2025, we see persistent inflation pressures fueled by rising geopolitical fragmentation, plus big spending on the AI buildout and the low-carbon transition. Slowing immigration may exacerbate the challenges of an aging workforce, keeping wage growth elevated. The Federal Reserve is unlikely to pursue aggressive rate cuts, with rates unlikely to fall much below 4%. Given persistent budget deficits, sticky inflation, and heightened volatility, we expect long-term Treasury yields to climb as investors demand higher compensation for risk.

Sensitive to surprises

Sensitivity of U.S. 10-year yield to economic surprises, 2003-2024

Financing the future

The nature of investing is changing significantly, in our view. We think investors can find opportunities by tapping into the waves of transformation we see ahead in the real economy, with AI and the low-carbon transition requiring investment potentially on par with the Industrial Revolution. That’s why our first theme is financing the future. We see capital markets playing a vital role as these mega forces drive a broad infrastructure buildout.

On the rise

Private market assets under management, 2015-2029

Rethinking investing

We think investors should focus more on themes and less on broad asset classes as mega forces reshape whole economies. In other words, the unit of analysis for thinking about returns is changing – and that calls for rethinking investing, our second theme. One key conclusion: with no stable long-term trend and an ever-evolving outlook, investors may want to reconsider what a neutral benchmark is and put greater emphasis on tactical views since investors cannot rely on eventual convergence back to historical trends. Being more dynamic with portfolios and getting granular with views are both essential, in our view.

Ever-bigger share

“Magnificent 7” market cap as a share of the S&P 500, 1995-2024

Staying pro-risk

We are staying pro-risk, our third theme. We see the U.S. still standing out versus other developed markets thanks to stronger growth and its ability to better capitalize on mega forces. We up our overweight to U.S. equities and see the AI theme broadening out. We don’t think pricey U.S. equity valuations alone will trigger a near-term reassessment. But we are ready to adjust if markets become overexuberant. We are underweight long-term U.S. Treasuries on both a tactical and strategic horizon – and we see risks to our upbeat view from any spike in long-term bond yields. We see private markets as an important way to allocate to mega forces and have turned more positive on infrastructure equity on a strategic horizon.

Hardening divergence

U.S. equity performance vs. the rest of the world, 2010-2024

Evolving our scenarios

We worked with portfolio managers across BlackRock to evolve our scenarios for 2025 given what we have learned. The new scenarios are U.S. corporate strength and easing supply constraints. See our scenario map below. This recognizes that U.S. corporate strength goes beyond the AI theme.

We think that U.S. corporate strength is the most likely scenario to play out over the next six-to-12 months as earnings growth broadens, even if the economy slows slightly. This highlights the resilience of corporate earnings even if interest rates stay higher.

Staying dynamic

Our scenarios framework helps ground our views on a tactical horizon. We have done so in 2024 as our concentrated AI scenario evolved to our U.S. corporate strength scenario. Yet we could change our stance quickly if a different scenario were to look more likely.

Big calls

Our highest conviction views on tactical (6-12 month) and strategic (long-term) horizons, December 2024

Tactical granular views

Six to 12-month tactical views on selected assets vs. broad global asset classes by level of conviction, December 2024

Our approach is to first determine asset allocations based on our macro outlook – and what’s in the price. The table below reflects this. It leaves aside the opportunity for alpha, or the potential to generate above-benchmark returns. The new regime is not conducive to static exposures to broad asset classes, in our view, but it is creating more space for alpha. For example, the alpha opportunity in highly efficient DM equities markets historically has been low. That’s no longer the case, we think, thanks to greater volatility, macro uncertainty and dispersion of returns. The new regime puts a premium on insights and skill, in our view.

Euro-denominated tactical granular views

Six to 12-month tactical views on selected assets vs. broad global asset classes by level of conviction, December 2024