Total Portfolio Approach: a practitioner’s guide

Abstract floral pattern with blue, white, and red accents

Contact the team

*Denotes required fields

Read BlackRock's privacy notice

Institutional investors are reassessing how they construct and manage portfolios amid a shifting market regime and correlation dynamics, heightened uncertainty, and the expanding role and complexity of private markets. In this environment, a clearer understanding of how the portfolio supports the broader enterprise has become central to decision-making. These considerations underscore a simple but often overlooked truth: While seeking to realize its investment objectives, a portfolio also must account for the mission, balance sheet, and operational realities of the institution it underpins.

These forces have accelerated interest in the Total Portfolio Approach (TPA). As our colleagues in the BlackRock Investment Institute recently highlighted, BlackRock has long embraced an evolving asset allocation approach to help investors manage portfolios holistically and dynamically.

For institutions considering TPA, we build on that work by sharing some of our observations and best practices below, informed by our work with asset owners across a range of objectives and constraints. Adopting a TPA is not only embracing an investment philosophy, but also an evolution in operating model. Realizing its full benefits depends on effective implementation, ongoing management, and robust governance.

Capital efficiency & alpha integration

Capital efficiency is central to a total portfolio approach, focusing risk and capital on opportunities with the greatest expected contribution to portfolio outcomes. By separating alpha and beta exposures, investors gain greater flexibility to access alpha where it is most abundant while maintaining deliberate market exposures. This framework also supports more effective alpha integration, combining diversified top-down and bottom-up sources of return to create differentiated and additive portfolio-level outcomes.

Case Study: Diversified alpha sourcing can improve client outcomes

Cumulative net of fee alpha for $1B plan

Source:

The figures shown relate to past performance. Past performance is not a reliable indicator of current or future results and should not be the sole factor of consideration when selecting a product or a strategy. Indices are unmanaged and cannot be invested into directly. Source: BlackRock, as of December 31, 2025.

A $1 billion public pension plan sought to improve excess returns while maintaining a consistent and repeatable source of alpha across changing market environments.

Our Global Tactical Asset Allocation (GTAA) Team integrated top-down alpha insights alongside existing bottom-up strategies, creating a more diversified and balanced alpha framework.

The combined approach increased cumulative net alpha, enhanced the consistency of excess returns, and resulted in a higher ending portfolio value relative to the benchmark.

Optimization of public & private markets

A total portfolio approach integrates public and private markets within a unified risk-and-return framework, breaking down traditional silos and enabling more effective portfolio-level decision-making. By evaluating investments holistically, investors can better capture the complementary characteristics of liquid and illiquid assets, enhancing both portfolio efficiency and resilience. Within this framework, liquidity management becomes a strategic consideration, proactively balancing near-term liquidity needs against long-term return objectives.

Case Study: Integrated portfolio construction supports long-term portfolio growth

Illustrative private markets deployment paths for various withdrawal, contribution and net cashflow scenarios

Source:

For illustrative purposes only. Forward-looking estimates may not come to pass. Source: BlackRock as of 30 May 2025. There is no guarantee that stress testing will eliminate the risk of investing in this fund or strategy.

A non-profit institution sought to preserve its 30% private markets allocation target while ensuring sufficient liquidity to fund a significant upcoming strategic expenditure.

Our client CIOs evaluated multiple capital deployment scenarios and conducted liquidity stress tests to assess the portfolio's ability to meet spending needs under a range of market conditions.

The analysis supported maintaining the 30% private markets allocation while extending the spending timeline to three years, reducing liquidity risk without sacrificing long-term return potential.

Forward-looking risk management

Effective risk management extends beyond traditional diversification, incorporating stress testing and scenario analysis to assess portfolio resilience across a range of market and macroeconomic environments. A factor-based perspective provides deeper insight into the underlying drivers of risk - such as growth, inflation, and real rates - helping investors identify hidden concentrations and potential tail risks. Combined with disciplined governance and ongoing reassessment, this dynamic approach helps ensure portfolio exposures remain aligned with investment objectives as market conditions evolve.

Case Study: Dynamic allocation can promote portfolio resilience

Source:

Holdings can change at any time and are provided for informational purposes only and should not be deemed as a recommendation to buy or sell the securities mentioned or securities. Source: BlackRock, for illustrative purposes only. Allocations will be subject to change. Data as of 31 March 2020.

During the COVID-driven market volatility of early 2020, rapidly changing market conditions increased downside risks across equities, credit, and currencies.

The Diversified Strategies Team proactively repositioned their portfolio through a combination of targeted hedges, including volatility, currency, and credit protection strategies, alongside a reduction in equity exposure.

These actions helped mitigate downside risk, preserve portfolio flexibility, and support strong performance relative to broader market benchmarks during a period of extreme uncertainty.

Governance & the operating model

Effective governance empowers investment teams with implementation authority under clearly defined objectives, risk tolerances, and constraints, enabling timely and accountable decision-making. By organizing around total portfolio outcomes rather than asset-class silos, investors can foster greater collaboration, knowledge sharing, and portfolio-level thinking across teams. Supported by a common risk framework and forward-looking reporting, this structure strengthens oversight, accountability, and decision-making by aligning boards and investment teams around shared portfolio objectives and risks.

Transcript
For Professional Clients, Qualified Investors and Qualified Clients only. One of the most important - and often overlooked enablers of a total portfolio approach - is governance. TPA is fundamentally a governance model, before it is an investment model. Under a traditional strategic asset allocation framework, the Board's primary role is to approve asset class targets and monitor compliance against those targets. Under a TPA framework, the board shifts from governing asset allocations, to governing outcomes, risk budgets and decision-making authority. In a well-functioning TPA model the board defines: • investment objectives • risk tolerance • liquidity requirements • time horizon • and governance guardrails The portfolio management team then determines how capital should be allocated across all available opportunities to achieve these objectives. In other words, the board decides “what success looks like”, while the investment team decides “how to achieve it” This distinction is one of the defining characteristics, separating leading TPA adopters from more traditional asset allocation models. Successful TPA organisations recognise that investment opportunities often emerge faster than board meeting cycles. Boards establish guardrails, while delegating day-to-day capital allocation decisions to the chief investment officer and their investment team. The primary governance question becomes “are we comfortable with the level of risk being taken” rather than “should private equity be 15% or 18%” TPA governance requires boards to assess success at the total fund level. The objective is not to maximise returns within specific asset classes, but to generate a targeted excess return over the reference portfolio through the combined contribution of all return sources. The best TPA governance models are characterised by • clear objectives • explicit risk budgets • strong delegation • and rigorous accountability They avoid governing through asset class quotas and instead govern through outcomes and risk. The result, is a system where investment teams can dynamically allocate capital across the opportunity set, while remaining firmly anchored to board-approved objectives, risk limits and the long-term mission.

BlackRock has long partnered with asset owners globally to design, implement and refine Total Portfolio Approaches across a wide range of objectives, constraints and market conditions. Drawing on deep experience across public and private markets, active and index strategies, risk management and portfolio construction, we work closely with clients to translate TPA principles into practical, implementable and tailored solutions. With the right partnership, capabilities and commitment, investors can position their portfolios to better meet their objectives, not just through this current cycle, but across the full range of markets ahead.

Ryan Marshall
Global Head of Multi-Asset Strategies & Solutions
Nikhil Mehra
Head of APAC Multi-Asset Strategies & Solutions
Adam Ryan
Chief Investment Officer of Multi-Alternatives and Head of Diversified Strategies within Multi-Asset Strategies & Solutions (MASS)
Edward Ng, CFA
Americas Endowments, Foundations and Healthcare Systems OCIO, BlackRock's Multi-Asset Strategies & Solutions Group
Michael Pensky, CFA
Deputy CIO, Portfolio Manager, Global Tactical Asset Allocation

Contact the team

*Denotes required fields

Read BlackRock's privacy notice

Interested in exploring the role of multi-asset in portfolios?

Learn more about how BlackRock's Multi-Asset Strategies and solution could help you achieve your specific goals and objectives.

Sign up to receive BlackRock's latest institutional insights

*Denotes required fields

Read BlackRock's privacy notice

Sign up to receive curated BlackRock Institutional Insights

Get the insights that align with your role and investment goals direct to your inbox.

BlackRock®

© 2026 BlackRock, Inc. All rights reserved.

This document is marketing material: Before investing please read the Prospectus and the PRIIPs KID available on www.blackrock.com/it, which contain a summary of investors’ rights.

There is no guarantee that a positive investment outcome will be achieved. There is no guarantee that research capabilities will contribute to a positive investment outcome. Diversification and asset allocation may not fully protect you from market risk.

Risk warnings

Capital at risk. The value of investments and the income from them can fall as well as rise and are not guaranteed. Investors may not get back the amount originally invested.

Important information.

This material is for distribution to Professional, Qualified Clients and Investors only.

This document is marketing material and will expire 12 months after issue.

In the UK and Non-European Economic Area (EEA) countries (excluding Switzerland): This is issued by BlackRock Investment Management (UK) Limited, authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Registered office: 12 Throgmorton Avenue, London, EC2N 2DL. Tel: +44 (0)20 7743 3000. Registered in England and Wales No. 02020394.
For your protection telephone calls are usually recorded. Please refer to the Financial Conduct Authority website for a list of authorised activities conducted by BlackRock.

For Switzerland: This is issued by either BlackRock Investment Management (UK) Limited or BlackRock (Netherlands) B.V.

BlackRock Investment Management (UK) Limited is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Registered office: 12 Throgmorton Avenue, London, EC2N 2DL. Tel: + 44 (0)20 7743 3000. Registered in England and Wales No. 02020394. For your protection telephone calls are usually recorded. Please refer to the Financial Conduct Authority website for a list of authorised activities conducted by BlackRock.
BlackRock (Netherlands) B.V. is authorised and regulated by the Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets. Registered office Amstelplein 1, 1096 HA, Amsterdam, Tel: 020–549 5200, Tel: 31-20-549-5200. Trade Register No. 17068311. For your protection telephone calls are usually recorded.

In Canada, this material is intended for institutional investors, is for informational purposes only, does not constitute investment advice and should not be construed as a solicitation or offering of units of any fund or other security in any jurisdiction.

In the European Economic Area (EEA): This is issued by BlackRock (Netherlands) B.V., authorised and regulated by the Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets. Registered office Amstelplein 1, 1096 HA, Amsterdam, Tel: 020–549 5200, Tel: 31-20-549-5200. Trade Register No. 17068311 For your protection telephone calls are usually recorded.

For Ireland and only in relation to Per Se Professionals and/or Eligible Counterparties (i.e., Professional Investors): This may also be issued by BlackRock Investment Management (UK) Limited, authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Registered office: 12 Throgmorton Avenue, London, EC2N 2DL. Tel: + 44 (0)20 7743 3000. Registered in England and Wales No. 02020394. For your protection telephone calls are usually recorded. Please refer to the Financial Conduct Authority website for a list of authorised

activities conducted by BlackRock.

In Italy: For information on investor rights and how to raise complaints please go to https://www.blackrock.com/corporate/compliance/investor-right available in Italian.

For investors in Dubai (DIFC): BlackRock Advisors (UK) Limited-Dubai Branch is a DIFC Foreign Recognised Company registered with the DIFC Registrar of Companies (DIFC Registered Number 546), with its office at Unit L15-01A, ICD Brookfield Place, Dubai International Financial Centre, PO Box 506661, Dubai, UAE, and is regulated by the DFSA to engage in the regulated activities of ‘Advising on Financial Products’ and ‘Arranging Deals in Investments’ in or from the DIFC, both of which are limited to units in a collective investment fund (DFSA Reference Number F000738).

The information contained in this document is intended strictly for Professional Clients as defined under the Dubai Financial Services Authority (“DFSA”) Conduct of Business (COB) Rules.

The information contained in this document, does not constitute and should not be construed as an offer of, invitation or proposal to make an offer for, recommendation to apply for or an opinion or guidance on a financial product, service and/or strategy. Whilst great care has been taken to ensure that the information contained in this document is accurate, no responsibility can be accepted for any errors, mistakes or omissions or for any action taken in reliance thereon. You may only reproduce, circulate and use this document (or any part of it) with the consent of BlackRock.

The information contained in this document is for information purposes only. It is not intended for and should not be distributed to, or relied upon by, members of the public.

The information contained in this document, may contain statements that are not purely historical in nature but are “forward-looking statements.” These include, amongst other things, projections, forecasts or estimates of income. These forward-looking statements are based upon certain assumptions, some of which are described in other relevant documents or materials. If you do not understand the contents of this document, you should consult an authorised financial adviser.

For investors in Israel

BlackRock Investment Management (UK) Limited is not licensed under Israel’s Regulation of Investment Advice, Investment Marketing and Portfolio Management Law, 5755-1995 (the “Advice Law”), nor does it carry insurance thereunder.

For investors in Saudi Arabia

This material is for distribution to Institutional and Qualified Clients (as defined by the Implementing Regulations issued by Capital Market Authority) only and should not be relied upon by any other persons.

The information contained in this document, does not constitute and should not be construed as an offer of, invitation or proposal to make an offer for, recommendation to apply for or an opinion or guidance on a financial product, service and/or strategy. Whilst great care has been taken to ensure that the information contained in this document is accurate, no responsibility can be accepted for any errors, mistakes or omissions or for any action taken in reliance thereon. You may only reproduce, circulate and use this document (or any part of it) with the consent of BlackRock.

The information contained in this document is for information purposes only. It is not intended for and should not be distributed to, or relied upon by, members of the public.

The information contained in this document, may contain statements that are not purely historical in nature but are “forward looking statements.” These include, amongst other things, projections, forecasts or estimates of income. These forward looking statements are based upon certain assumptions, some of which are described in other relevant documents or materials. If you do not understand the contents of this document, you should consult an authorised financial adviser.

For investors in South Africa

Please be advised that BlackRock Investment Management (UK) Limited is an authorised Financial Services provider with the South African Financial Services Conduct Authority, FSP No. 43288.

For investors in Switzerland

For professional clients and qualified investors only.

This document shall be exclusively made available to, and directed at, qualified investors as defined in Article 10 (3) of the CISA of 23 June 2006, as amended, at the exclusion of qualified investors with an opting-out pursuant to Art. 5 (1) of the Swiss Federal Act on Financial Services (“FinSA”).

For information on Art. 8/9 Financial Services Act (FinSA) and on your client segmentation under Art. 4 FinSA, please see the following website: www.blackrock.com/finsa.

In Latin America, for institutional investors and financial intermediaries only (not for public distribution). This material is for educational purposes only and does not constitute investment advice or an offer or solicitation to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any shares of any fund or security and it is your responsibility to inform yourself of, and to observe, all applicable laws and regulations of your relevant jurisdiction. If any funds are mentioned or inferred in this material, such funds may not been registered with the securities regulators of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Uruguay or any other securities regulator in any Latin American country and thus, may not be publicly offered in any such countries. The securities regulators of any country within Latin America have not confirmed the accuracy of any information contained herein. No information discussed herein can be provided to the general public in Latin America. The contents of this material are strictly confidential and must not be passed to any third party.

In Argentina, only for use with Qualified Investors under the definition as set by the Comisión Nacional de Valores (CNV).

In Chile, the securities if any described in this document are foreign securities, therefore: i) their rights and obligations will be subject to the legal framework of the issuer’s country of origin, and therefore, investors must inform themselves regarding the form and means through which they may exercise their rights; and that ii) the supervision of the Commission for the Financial Market (Comisión para el Mercado Financiero or “CMF”) will be concentrated exclusively on compliance with the information obligations established in General Standard No. 352 of the CMF and that, therefore, the supervision of the security and its issuer will be mainly made by the foreign regulator.

In the case of a fund not registered with the CMF is subject to General Rule No. 336 issued by the SVS (now the CMF). The subject matter of this sale may include securities not registered with the CMF; therefore, such securities are not subject to the supervision of the CMF. Since the securities are not registered in Chile, there is no obligation of the issuer to make publicly available information about the securities in Chile. The securities shall not be subject to public offering in Chile unless registered with the relevant registry of the CMF.

In Colombia, the promotion of each product discussed herein is carried out through the Representative Office of BlackRock Fund Advisors, authorized by the Colombian Financial Superintendence.

The transmission of this information does not constitute a securities public offering in Colombia. The products discussed herein may not be promoted or marketed in Colombia or to Colombian residents unless such promotion and marketing is made in compliance with Decree 2555 of 2010 and other applicable rules and regulations related to the promotion of foreign financial and/or securities related products or services in Colombia.

With the receipt of these materials, and unless the Client contacts BlackRock with additional requests for information, the Client agrees to have been provided the information for due advisory required by the marketing and promotion regulatory regime applicable in Colombia.

IN MEXICO, FOR INSTITUTIONAL AND QUALIFIED INVESTORS USE ONLY. INVESTING INVOLVES RISK, INCLUDING POSSIBLE LOSS OF PRINCIPAL. THIS MATERIAL IS PROVIDED FOR EDUCATIONAL AND INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY AND DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN OFFER OR SOLICITATION TO SELL OR A SOLICITATION OF AN OFFER TO BUY ANY SHARES OF ANY FUND OR SECURITY. This information does not consider the investment objectives, risk tolerance or the financial circumstances of any specific investor. This information does not replace the obligation of financial advisor to apply his/her best judgment in making investment decisions or investment recommendations. It is your responsibility to inform yourself of, and to observe, all applicable laws and regulations of Mexico. If any funds, securities or investment strategies are mentioned or inferred in this material, such funds, securities or strategies have not been registered with the Mexican National Banking and Securities Commission (Comisión Nacional Bancaria y de Valores, the “CNBV”) and thus, may not be publicly offered in Mexico. The CNBV has not confirmed the accuracy of any information contained herein. The provision of investment management and investment advisory services (“Investment Services”) is a regulated activity in Mexico, subject to strict rules, and performed under the supervision of the CNBV. These materials are shared for information purposes only, do not constitute investment advice, and are being shared in the understanding that the addressee is an Institutional or Qualified investor as defined under Mexican Securities (Ley del Mercado de Valores). Each potential investor shall make its own investment decision based on their own analysis of the available information. Please note that by receiving these materials, it shall be construed as a representation by the receiver that it is an Institutional or Qualified investor as defined under Mexican law. BlackRock México Operadora, S.A. de C.V., Sociedad Operadora de Fondos de Inversión (“BlackRock México Operadora”) is a Mexican subsidiary of BlackRock, Inc., authorized by the CNBV as a Mutual Fund Manager (Operadora de Fondos), and as such, authorized to manage Mexican mutual funds, ETFs and provide Investment Advisory Services. For more information on the Investment Services offered by BlackRock Mexico, please review our Investment Services Guide available in www.blackrock.com/mx. This material represents an assessment at a specific time and its information should not be relied upon by the you as research or investment advice regarding the funds, any security or investment strategy in particular. Reliance upon information in this material is at your sole discretion.

BlackRock México is not authorized to receive deposits, carry out intermediation activities, or act as a broker dealer, or bank in Mexico. For more information on BlackRock México, please visit: www.blackrock.com/mx. BlackRock receives revenue in the form of advisory fees for our advisory services and management fees for our mutual funds, exchange traded funds and collective investment trusts. Any modification, change, distribution or inadequate use of information of this document is not responsibility of BlackRock or any of its affiliates. Pursuant to the Mexican Data Privacy Law (Ley Federal de Protección de Datos Personales en Posesión de Particulares), to register your personal data you must confirm that you have read and understood the Privacy Notice of BlackRock México Operadora. For the full disclosure, please visit www.blackrock.com/mx and accept that your personal information will be managed according with the terms and conditions set forth therein.

In Peru, this private offer does not constitute a public offer, and is not registered with the Securities Market Public Registry of the Peruvian Securities Market Commission, for use only with institutional investors as such term is defined by the Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y AFP.

For investors in Panama, these securities have not been registered before the Securities Superintendence of the Republic of Panama, nor did the offer, sale or their trading procedures. The registration exemption has made according to numeral 3 of Article 129 of the Consolidated Text containing of the Decree-Law No. 1 of 8 July 1999 (institutional investors). Consequently, the tax treatment set forth in Articles 334 to 336 of the Unified Text containing Decree-Law No. 1 of 8 July 1999, does not apply to them. These securities are not under the supervision of the Securities Superintendence of the Republic of Panama. The information contained herein does not describe any product that is supervised or regulated by the National Banking and Insurance Commission (CNBS) in Honduras. Therefore any investment described herein is done at the investor’s own risk. In Costa Rica, any securities or services mentioned herein constitute an individual and private offer made through reverse solicitation upon reliance on an exemption from registration.

For investors in Central America, these securities have not been registered before the Securities Superintendence of the Republic of Panama, nor did the offer, sale or their trading procedures. The registration exemption has made according to numeral 3 of Article 129 of the Consolidated Text containing of the Decree-Law No. 1 of July 8, 1999 (institutional investors). Consequently, the tax treatment set forth in Articles 334 to 336 of the Unified Text containing Decree-Law No. 1 of July 8, 1999, does not apply to them. These securities are not under the supervision of the Securities Superintendence of the Republic of Panama. The information contained herein does not describe any product that is supervised or regulated by the National Banking and Insurance Commission (CNBS) in Honduras. Therefore any investment described herein is done at the investor’s own risk. In Costa Rica, any securities or services mentioned herein constitute an individual and private offer made through reverse solicitation upon reliance on an exemption from registration before the General Superintendence of Securities (“SUGEVAL”), pursuant to articles 7 and 8 of the Regulations on the Public Offering of Securities (“Reglamento sobre Oferta Pública de Valores”). This information is confidential, and is not to be reproduced or distributed to third parties as this is NOT a public offering of securities in Costa Rica. The product being offered is not intended for the Costa Rican public or market and neither is registered or will be registered before the SUGEVAL, nor can be traded in the secondary market. If any recipient of this documentation receives this document in El Salvador, such recipient acknowledges that the same has been delivered upon their request and instructions, and on a private placement basis. In Guatemala, this communication and any accompanying information (the “Materials”) are intended solely for informational purposes and do not constitute (and should not be interpreted to constitute) the offering, selling, or conducting of business with respect to such securities, products or services in the jurisdiction of the addressee (this “Jurisdiction”), or the conducting of any brokerage, banking or other similarly regulated activities (“Financial Activities”) in the Jurisdiction. Neither BlackRock, nor the securities, products and services described herein, are registered (or intended to be registered) in the Jurisdiction. Furthermore, neither BlackRock, nor the securities, products, services or activities described herein, are regulated or supervised by any governmental or similar authority in the Jurisdiction. The Materials are private, confidential and are sent by BlackRock only for the exclusive use of the addressee. The Materials must not be publicly distributed and any use of the Materials by anyone other than the addressee is not authorized. The addressee is required to comply with all applicable laws in the Jurisdiction, including, without limitation, tax laws and exchange control regulations, if any.

For investors in the Caribbean, any funds mentioned or inferred in this material have not been registered under the provisions of the Investment Funds Act of 2003 of the Bahamas, nor have they been registered with the securities regulators of Dominica, the Cayman Islands, the British Virgin Islands, Grenada, Trinidad & Tobago or any jurisdiction in the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States, and thus, may not be publicly offered in any such jurisdiction. Engaging in marketing, offering or selling any fund from within the Cayman Islands to persons or entities in the Cayman Islands may be deemed carrying on business in the Cayman Islands. As a non-Cayman Islands person, BlackRock may not carry on or engage in any trade or business unless it properly registers and obtains a license for such activities in accordance with the applicable Cayman Islands law. In the Dominican Republic, any securities mentioned or inferred in this material may only be offered in a private character according to the laws of the Dominican Republic, falling beyond the scope of articles 1 numeral (31), 46 et al of Law 249-17 dated 19 December 2017, as amended and its Regulations. Since no governmental authorizations are required in such offering, any “securities” mentioned or inferred in this material have not been and will not be registered with the Stock Market Superintendency of the Dominican Republic (Superintendencia de Mercado de Valores de la República Dominicana), and these “securities” may only be circulated, offered and sold in the Dominican Republic in a private manner based on the criteria established under Dominican laws and regulations.

In Hong Kong, this material is issued by BlackRock Asset Management North Asia Limited and has not been reviewed by the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong. This material is for distribution to “Professional Investors” (as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap.571 of the laws of Hong Kong) and any rules made under that ordinance) and should not be relied upon by any other persons or redistributed to retail clients in Hong Kong.

In Singapore, this is issued by BlackRock (Singapore) Limited (Co. registration no. 200010143N) for use only with institutional investors as defined in Section 4A of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore. This advertisement or publication has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

In South Korea, this information is issued by BlackRock Investment (Korea) Limited. This material is for distribution to the Qualified Professional Investors (as defined in the Financial Investment Services and Capital Market Act and its subregulations) and for information or educational purposes only, and does not constitute investment advice or an offer or solicitation to purchase or sells in any securities or any investment strategies.

In Taiwan, Independently operated by BlackRock Investment Management (Taiwan) Limited. Address: 28F., No. 100, Songren Rd., Xinyi Dist., Taipei City 110, Taiwan. Tel: (02)23261600.

In Australia & New Zealand, issued by BlackRock Investment Management (Australia) Limited ABN 13 006 165 975, AFSL 230 523 (BIMAL) for the exclusive use of the recipient, who warrants by receipt of this material that they are a wholesale client as defined under the Australian Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) and the New Zealand Financial Advisers Act 2008 respectively.

BIMAL is not licensed by a New Zealand regulator to provide ‘Financial Advice Service’ ‘Investment manager under an FMC offer’ or ‘Keeping, investing, administering, or managing money, securities, or investment portfolios on behalf of other persons’. BIMAL’s registration on the New Zealand register of financial service providers does not mean that BIMAL is subject to active regulation or oversight by a New Zealand regulator.

This material provides general advice only and does not take into account your individual objectives, financial situation, needs or circumstances. Before making any investment decision, you should therefore assess whether the material is appropriate for you and obtain financial advice tailored to you having regard to your individual objectives, financial situation, needs and circumstances. Refer to BIMAL’s Financial Services Guide on its website for more information. This material is not a financial product recommendation or an offer or solicitation with respect to the purchase or sale of any financial product in any jurisdiction.

Information provided is for illustrative and informational purposes and is subject to change. It has not been approved by any regulator.

This material is not intended for distribution to, or use by, any person or entity in any jurisdiction or country where such distribution or use would be contrary to local law or regulation. BIMAL is a part of the global BlackRock Group which comprises of financial product issuers and investment managers around the world. BIMAL is the issuer of financial products and acts as an investment manager in Australia. BIMAL does not offer financial products to persons in New Zealand who are retail investors (as that term is defined in the Financial Markets Conduct Act 2013 (FMCA)). This material does not constitute or relate to such an offer. To the extent that this material does constitute or relate to such an offer of financial products, the offer is only made to, and capable of acceptance by, persons in New Zealand who are wholesale investors (as that term is defined in the FMCA).

BIMAL, its officers, employees and agents believe that the information in this material and the sources on which it is based (which may be sourced from third parties) are correct as at the date of publication. While every care has been taken in the preparation of this material, no warranty of accuracy or reliability is given and no responsibility for the information is accepted by BIMAL, its officers, employees or agents. Except where contrary to law, BIMAL excludes all liability for this information.

Any investment is subject to investment risk, including delays on the payment of withdrawal proceeds and the loss of income or the principal invested. While any forecasts, estimates and opinions in this material are made on a reasonable basis, actual future results and operations may differ materially from the forecasts, estimates and opinions set out in this material. No guarantee as to the repayment of capital or the performance of any product or rate of return referred to in this material is made by BIMAL or any entity in the BlackRock group of companies.

No part of this material may be reproduced or distributed in any manner without the prior written permission of BIMAL.

In China, This material may not be distributed to individuals resident in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC,” for such purposes, not applicable to Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan) or entities registered in the PRC unless such parties have received all the required PRC government approvals to participate in any investment or receive any investment advisory or investment management services.

For Southeast Asia: This document is issued by BlackRock and is intended for the exclusive use of any recipient who warrants, by receipt of this material, that such recipient is an institutional investors or professional/sophisticated/qualified/accredited/expert investor as such term may apply under the relevant legislations in Southeast Asia (for such purposes, includes only Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Brunei and Indonesia). BlackRock does not hold any regulatory licenses or registrations in Southeast Asia countries listed above, and is therefore not licensed to conduct any regulated business activity under the relevant laws and regulations as they apply to any entity intending to carry on business in Southeast Asia, nor does BlackRock purport to carry on, any regulated activity in any country in Southeast Asia. BlackRock funds, and/or services shall not be offered or sold to any person in any jurisdiction in which such an offer, solicitation, purchase, or sale would be deemed unlawful under the securities laws or any other relevant laws of such jurisdiction(s).

This material is provided to the recipient on a strictly confidential basis and is intended for informational or educational purposes only. Nothing in this document, directly or indirectly, represents to you that BlackRock will provide, or is providing BlackRock products or services to the recipient, or is making available, inviting, or offering for subscription or purchase, or invitation to subscribe for or purchase, or sale, of any BlackRock fund, or interests therein. This material neither constitutes an offer to enter into an investment agreement with the recipient of this document, nor is it an invitation to respond to it by making an offer to enter into an investment agreement.

The distribution of the information contained herein may be restricted by law and any person who accesses it is required to comply with any such restrictions. By reading this information you confirm that you are aware of the laws in your own jurisdiction regarding the provision and sale of funds and related financial services or products, and you warrant and represent that you will not pass on or utilize the information contained herein in a manner that could constitute a breach of such laws by BlackRock, its affiliates or any other person.

For Other Countries in APAC: This material is provided for your informational purposes only and must not be distributed to any other persons or redistributed. This material is issued for Institutional Investors only (or professional/sophisticated/qualified investors as such term may apply in local jurisdictions) and does not constitute investment advice or an offer or solicitation to purchase or sell in any securities, BlackRock funds or any investment strategy nor shall any securities be offered or sold to any person in any jurisdiction in which an offer, solicitation, purchase or sale would be unlawful under the securities laws of such jurisdiction.
In the United States: This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended to constitute investment advice or an investment recommendation within the meaning of federal, state or local law. You are solely responsible for evaluating and acting upon the education and information contained in this material. BlackRock will not be liable for direct or incidental loss resulting from applying any of the information obtained from these materials or from any other source mentioned. BlackRock does not render any legal, tax or accounting advice and the education and information contained in this material should not be construed as such. Please consult with a qualified professional for these types of advice.

This information should not be relied upon as research, investment advice, or a recommendation regarding any products, strategies, or any security in particular. This material is strictly for illustrative, educational, or informational purposes and is subject to change.

Please ask your clients to consider the investment objective, risk, charge and expense of the funds carefully before investing. The prospectus and, if available, the summary prospectus contain this and other information about the fund and are available, along with information on other BlackRock funds, by calling 800-882-0052 or at www.blackrock.com. The prospectus and, if available, the summary prospectus should be read carefully before investing.

Prepared by BlackRock Investments, LLC, member FINRA.

© 2026 BlackRock, Inc. All Rights Reserved. BLACKROCK, BLACKROCK SOLUTIONS and iSHARES are trademarks of BlackRock, Inc. or its affiliates. All other trademarks are those of their respective owners.

MASS0726-5786611-EXP0727